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| | |Origin = {{flag|Iran}}: East Azerbaijan | | |Origin = {{flag|Iran}}: East Azerbaijan |
| − | |Category = [[City Style|City]] | + | |Category = City |
| | |Prime examples = | | |Prime examples = |
| | |Master designers = | | |Master designers = |
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| | <!--Technical information--> | | <!--Technical information--> |
| − | |Common designs = [[Lachak Toranj Design|Lachak Toranj]], [[Afshan Design|Afshan]], [[Vase Design|Vase]] | + | |Common designs = [[Medallion]], [[Afshan]], [[Vase]] |
| | |Common motifs & patterns = | | |Common motifs & patterns = |
| | |Common sizes = | | |Common sizes = |
| | |Common colors = Red, Cream, Orange, Yellow | | |Common colors = Red, Cream, Orange, Yellow |
| − | |Dyeing method = [[Natural Dyeing|Natural]], [[Synthetic Dyeing|Synthetic]] | + | |Dyeing method = Natural, Synthetic |
| | |Pile material = [[Wool]], [[Silk]] | | |Pile material = [[Wool]], [[Silk]] |
| | |Foundation material = [[Cotton]], Silk | | |Foundation material = [[Cotton]], Silk |
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| | <!-- from Rugman Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20080220221358/http://www.rugman.com:80/Content/tabriz.html --> | | <!-- from Rugman Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20080220221358/http://www.rugman.com:80/Content/tabriz.html --> |
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| − | == History == | + | ==History== |
| − | '''Tabriz''' is the capital of the '''East Azerbaijan''' Province in northwestern Iran. It is an ancient city that was occupied by Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE), who made it the capital of the region. It was destroyed by an earthquake in the eighth century CE, and was rebuilt later that century.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.558</ref><br>
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| − | Tabriz had an important strategic location and was conquered by many empires and tribes over the centuries; the Mongols, Timurids, and Turkmens have each historically occupied the city. In 1502, the Persian Safavids recaptured it and made it their capital. The Safavid Empire had a significant interest in holding Tabriz to protect the region against attacks from neighboring countries. During this era, the city and population both grew, and Tabriz developed a strong Persian culture in art and architecture. The Safavids opened the first school of art in Tabriz for painting, ceramics, and weaving carpets and textiles. Under Safavid rule, Tabriz was conquered twice by the Ottoman Empire, in 1514 and 1534. The Ottomans took advantage of the art and culture of the Persian Empire by transferring thousands of great artists, architects, painters, ceramists, and rug wcayers to western Anatolia (Turkey). The victorious Turks thereafter established carpet weaving in Istanbul for the Ottoman court.<br>
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| − | Tabriz carpets and weavings dating from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries can be found today in museums, auction galleries, antique markets, and private collections around the world.<br>
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| − | By the late nineteenth century, Tabriz became one of Persia's most important carpet-producing centers. Many established carpet weavers began to manufacture and produce carpets for foreign export. During the carpet boom in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, famous carpet makers such as HADDAD, HADJI BABA GANJEH, and [[Haj Jalili|HAJ JALILI]], among many others, were actively weaving rugs and carpets for European, American, and domestic markets.<br>
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| − | Silk Tabriz carpets were made in large room-sizes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These carpets were executed in high qualities with charming designs, and were the only carpets of their kind available in the world market. They were and are today rare in the antique market.<br>
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| − | By 1920 another carpet boom occurred in the world market, and many Azerbaijan provincial towns and villages in Iran began to weave carpets. The production grew dramatically in the cities surrounding Tabriz, such as [[Khoy Rug|KHOY]], [[Maraqeh Rug|MARAGHEH]], and [[Marand Rug|MARAND]], but the carpets were woven in a lower grade quality. These types were targeted at the middle class in Europe as well as Iran and other Middle Eastern countries.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.560</ref><br>
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| − | During the second quarter of the twenticth century, the Iranian communist party (Tudeh) began to organize in northwestern Iran. The occupation of Azerbaijan by Russia's Red Army gave some families and individuals, including carpet weavers, an opportunity to immigrate to the Soviet Union. After World War II, some of these skilled artisans offered their carpet weaving and design experience to Eastern European communist countries such as BULGARIA and ROMANIA.<br>
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| − | In this postwar period, the European and domesric markets continued to grow and Tabriz weavers consistently met the demand. The weavers intelligently produced all grade qualities and designs. This third economic boom in the carpet industry positively changed the lives of many northwestern Persian weavers. Tabriz became the market center for woven products from northwestern Iranian cities, towns, and villages. Thousands of bales of carpets were packed weekly and shipped for foreign export and domestic use.<br>
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| − | During the twentieth century, some notable master weavers began manufacturing in Tabriz and continued the city tradition of making wonderful carpets and rugs. Weavers such as AHLABOFT, EMAD, JAVAN AMIRKHIS, and TABATABAIE, to name a few, advanced Tabriz carpet production.<br>
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| − | In this era, some foreign companies commissioned rugs and carpets in Tabriz, notably [[Petag|PETAG]] COMPANY of Germany and [[Benlian|BENLIAN]] COMPANY OF LONDON, which successfully marketed their products in Europe and North America.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.561</ref><br>
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| − | Other important artists include [[Hossein Arzhangi|Seyyed Hossein Mir Mossavar Arzhangi]] and Abbas Ali Alabaf.<ref>Nazmiyal antique rugs, 2019</ref><br>
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| − | == Materials == | + | ==See also== |
| − | === Foundation and Pile ===
| + | {{Wikipedia}}<br> |
| − | They are woven with [[Cotton|cotton]] or [[Silk|silk]] foundations and a [[Wool|wool]] pile. Tabriz weavers also began to produce classical sixteenth-century-style silk foundation and silk pile rugs and carpets.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.560</ref><br>
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| − | | + | ==References== |
| − | == Techniques and structures ==
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| − | === Color and dyeing ===
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| − | The nineteenth-century Tabriz carpets are fashionable today in the antique trade for their designs and coloration. Strong colors generally do not exist in carpets from this period. Over the years, the red color has gradually muted to a copper color, which no other antique Oriental carpet has.<br>
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| − | Twentieth-century Tabriz carpets generally have red, dark blue, or ivory in the field and borders. Additionally, reds, blues, ivory, greens, yellows, browns, lavender, and grays delineate the design elements, borders, and, at times, the background and medallion.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.560-562</ref>
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| − | Colors range from multicolored, bright renderings with blue or red fields to subdued palettes in shades of brown, ivory, saffron, and green.<ref>Nazmiyal antique rugs, 2019</ref><br>
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| − | === Motifs and patterns ===
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| − | The designs have [[Medallion Design|medallion]], [[Allover Design|allover]] patterns, and Hunting motifs. The carpets are [[Floral Design|floral]], with very fine details, and are of a high quality.<br>
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| − | Tabriz is recognized for weaving a wide range of designs far exceeding any other weaving center. The designs made have either an Open Field with a center medallion, a medallion and design elements in a decorated field, or an allover pattern. Classical styles such as the [[Boteh Design|Boteh]] (paisley), [[Garden Design|Garden]], [[Herati Design|Herati]] (fish), Lattice, [[Mihrab Design|Mihrab]] (prayer arch), Shah Abbas, and pictorial patterns from Persian tradition were woven for the field and border.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.560</ref><br>
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| − | Classic Tabriz carpets feature a central medallion with all-over designs of floral motifs, leaves, tendrils and vines, echoing the stylistic characteristics of the [[Ardabil Rug|Ardabil]] Carpets, yet each is a unique work. Herati (mahi) motifs are used as embellishments in medallion carpets, but are also used as a single design in intricately-woven all-over patterns.<ref>Nazmiyal antique rugs, 2019</ref><br>
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| − | | |
| − | === Weaving techniques ===
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| − | the carpets have The Turkish ([[Symmetrical Knot|symmetric]]) knot was always used during this weaving period.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.560</ref><br>
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| − | Some elaborate contemporary pieces have silk highlights to accentuate the designs. Tabriz rugs are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small pillows to palace dimensions and are woven in good to very fine grade qualities.<ref>Moheban, 2015, p.562</ref><br>
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | [[Khoy Rug]], [[Maraqeh Rug]], [[Marand Rug]], [[Ardabil Rug]]
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| − | == References == | |
| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
| − | == Bibliography == | + | ==Bibliography== |
| − | * Abraham Levi Moheban, (2015), ''[[The Encyclopedia of Antique Carpets|The Encyclopedia of Antique Carpets: Twenty-Five Centuries of Weaving]]'', NewYork: Princeton Architectural Press.
| + | # Abraham Levi Moheban. 2015. ''The Encyclopedia of Antique Carpets: Twenty-Five Centuries of Weaving''. NewYork: Princeton Architectural Press. |
| − | * [https://nazmiyalantiquerugs.com/antique/persian/tabriz/ [[Nazmiyal Antique Rugs]]], (2019).
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| − | * Tabriz rugs, [https://www.jozan.net/gallery/oriental-rugs/persian-rugs/tabriz-rugs/ JOZAN], Rug news and antique rugs.
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| | [[Category:Persian Carpets]] | | [[Category:Persian Carpets]] |
| | [[fa:قالی_تبریز]] | | [[fa:قالی_تبریز]] |
Iran: East Azerbaijan