Formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic; capital Ashkhabad. Bordered by the Caspian Sea on the west, Iran on the south, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan on the north and northeast. Turkmenistan is considered a part of Western Turkestan.<ref>Stone, 2013, 289</ref> | Formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic; capital Ashkhabad. Bordered by the Caspian Sea on the west, Iran on the south, Afghanistan on the southeast, and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan on the north and northeast. Turkmenistan is considered a part of Western Turkestan.<ref>Stone, 2013, 289</ref> |