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{{short description|Textile floor covering}}
{{Other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Ardabil Carpet.jpg|thumb|One of the [[Ardabil Carpet]]s]]
[[File:Wollteppich_1.jpg|thumb|A small rug]]

A '''rug''' or '''carpet''' is a [[textile]] [[floor covering]] typically consisting of an upper layer of [[Pile (textile)|pile]] attached to a backing. The pile was traditionally made from wool, but, since the 20th century, synthetic fibers such as [[polypropylene]], [[nylon]] or [[polyester]] are often used, as these fibers are less expensive than wool. The pile usually consists of twisted tufts which are typically heat-treated to maintain their structure. The term "carpet" is often used interchangeably with the term "rug", although the term "carpet" can be applied to a floor covering that covers an entire house, whereas a "rug" is generally no bigger than a single room, and traditionally does not even span from one wall to another, and is typically not even attached as part of the floor.

Carpets are used for a variety of purposes, including insulating a person's feet from a cold tile or concrete floor, making a room more comfortable as a place to sit on the floor (e.g., when playing with children or as a [[prayer rug]]), reducing sound from walking (particularly in [[apartment buildings]]) and adding decoration or colour to a room. Carpets can be made in any colour by using differently dyed fibers. Carpets can have many different types of patterns and motifs used to decorate the surface. In the 2000s, carpets are used in industrial and commercial establishments such as retail stores and [[hotel]]s and in private homes. In the 2010s, a huge range of carpets and rugs are available at many price and quality levels, ranging from inexpensive, synthetic carpets that are [[mass production|mass-produced]] in [[factory|factories]] and used in commercial buildings to costly hand-knotted wool rugs which are used in private homes of wealthy families.

Carpets can be produced on a [[loom]] quite similar to [[woven fabric]], made using needle [[felt]]s, knotted by hand (in [[oriental rug]]s), made with their pile injected into a backing material (called tufting), flatwoven, made by hooking wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric or [[embroidery|embroidered]]. Carpet is commonly made in widths of {{convert|12|ft|m}} and {{convert|15|ft|m}} in the US, 4&nbsp;m and 5&nbsp;m in Europe. Since the 20th century, where necessary for wall-to-wall carpet, different widths of carpet can be seamed together with a seaming iron and seam tape (formerly it was [[sewing|sewn]] together) and fixed to a floor over a cushioned [[underlay]] (pad) using nails, [[tack strip]]s (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal [[stair rod]]s. Wall-to-wall carpet is distinguished from rugs or [[mat]]s, which are loose-laid floor coverings, as wall-to-wall carpet is fixed to the floor and covers a much larger area.

The [[GoodWeave]] labelling scheme used throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]] assures that child labour has not been used: importers pay for the labels, and the revenue collected is used to monitor centres of production and educate previously exploited children.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.GoodWeave.org/index.php?cid=13 |title=About the GoodWeave label |publisher=Goodweave.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref>

==Etymology and usage==
[[File:A carpet seller in Jaipur.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A carpet seller in [[Jaipur]], India]]
The term ''[[wikt:carpet|carpet]]'' comes from [[Old French]] ''carpite''. One derivation of the term states that the French term came from the [[Old Italian]] ''carpita'', from the verb "carpire" meaning ''to pluck''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/carpet |title=Definition of carpet|publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/carpet |title=Carpet - Definition |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012-08-31 |accessdate=2013-10-04}}</ref> The ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' states that the term "carpet" was first used in English in the late 13th century, with the meaning "coarse cloth", and by the mid-14th century, "tablecloth, [or] bedspread".<ref name="etymonline1">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=carpet Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' states that the term comes "...from Old French carpite "heavy decorated cloth, carpet," from Medieval Latin or Old Italian carpita "thick woolen cloth," probably from Latin carpere "to card, pluck," probably so called because it was made from unraveled, shred[d]ed, "plucked" fabric".<ref name="etymonline1"/> The meaning of the term "carpet" shifted in the 15th century to refer to floor coverings.<ref name="etymonline1"/>

The term "carpet" is often used interchangeably with the term "rug". Some sources define a carpet as stretching from wall to wall.<ref>How It's Made, Season 2, Episode 7</ref> Another definition treats rugs as of lower quality or of smaller size, with carpets quite often having finished ends. A third common definition is that a carpet is permanently fixed in place while a rug is simply laid out on the floor. Historically, the term "carpet" was also applied to table and wall coverings, as carpets were not commonly used on the floor in European interiors until the 15th century.

The term "rug" was first used in English in the 1550s, with the meaning "coarse fabric". The term is of "...Scandinavian origin; compare Norwegian dialectal rugga "coarse coverlet," from [[Old Norse]] rogg "shaggy tuft," from Proto-Germanic *rawwa-, perhaps related to rag (n.) and rough (adj.)."<ref name="etymonline2">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=rug Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The meaning of "rug" "...evolved to "coverlet, wrap" (1590s), then "mat for the floor" (1808)".<ref name="etymonline2"/>

==Types==
[[File:Moden carpet illustrating camel caravan on Silk Road. Kashgar.jpg|thumb|left|Modern carpet illustrating a camel caravan on the [[Silk Road]]]]

===Woven===
The carpet is produced on a [[loom]] quite similar to [[woven fabric]]. The pile can be [[plush]] or [[Berber carpet|Berber]]. Plush carpet is a cut [[Pile (textile)|pile]] and Berber carpet is a loop pile. There are new styles of carpet combining the two styles called cut and loop carpeting. Normally many colored yarns are used and this process is capable of producing intricate patterns from predetermined designs (although some limitations apply to certain weaving methods with regard to accuracy of pattern within the carpet). These carpets are usually the most expensive due to the relatively slow speed of the manufacturing process. These are very famous in Iran, India, Pakistan, and Arabia.

===Needle felt===
[[File:Toranj - special circular design of Iranian carpets.JPG|thumbnail|A [[Persian carpet#Field design - medallions and borders|''toranj'' medallion]], a common design in [[Persian carpets]]]]
These carpets are more technologically advanced. Needle [[felt]]s are produced by intermingling and felting individual [[synthetic fiber]]s using barbed and forked needles forming an extremely durable carpet. These carpets are normally found in commercial settings such as hotels and restaurants where there is frequent traffic.

===Knotted===
{{main|Knotted-pile carpet}}
[[File:Carpet in Preparation on a Carpet Loom.jpg|thumb|A traditional rug being woven on a carpet [[loom]]]]
On a '''knotted pile''' carpet (formally, a "supplementary weft cut-loop pile" carpet), the structural [[weft]] threads alternate with a supplementary weft that rises at right angles to the surface of the weave. This supplementary weft is attached to the [[Warp (weaving)|warp]] by one of three knot types (see below), such as [[shag carpet]] which was popular in the 1970s, to form the pile or [[nap (textile)|nap]] of the carpet. Knotting by hand is most prevalent in [[oriental rug]]s and carpets. Kashmir carpets are also hand-knotted. Pile carpets, like flat carpets, can be woven on a loom. Both vertical and horizontal looms have been used in the production of European and oriental carpets. The warp threads are set up on the frame of the loom before weaving begins. A number of weavers may work together on the same carpet. A row of knots is completed and cut. The knots are secured with (usually one to four) rows of weft. The warp in woven carpet is usually cotton and the weft is jute.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

There are several styles of knotting, but the two main types of knot are the '''symmetrical''' (also called Turkish or [[Ghiordes knot|Ghiordes]]) and '''asymmetrical''' (also called Persian or [[Senna knot|Senna]]). Contemporary centres of knotted carpet production are: [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]] ([[Pakistan]]), [[Kashmir]] ([[India]]), [[Mirzapur]] and [[Bhadohi]] ([[India]]),<ref name="to">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-09/varanasi/28226568_1_bhadohi-mirzapur-bhadohi-carpet-carpet-manufacturers-association|title=Famed Bhadohi carpet gets GI tag|date=September 9, 2010|work=The Times of India}}</ref>[[Tabriz]] ([[Iran]]), [[Afghanistan]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Turkey]], [[Northern Africa]], [[Nepal]], [[Spain]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Tibetan rugs|Tibet]]. The importance of carpets in the culture of Turkmenistan is such that [[Flag of Turkmenistan|the national flag]] features a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs). Kashmir is known for handknotted carpets of silk or wool. The [[GoodWeave]] labelling scheme used throughout [[Europe]] and [[North America]] assures that child labour has not been used: importers pay for the labels, and the revenue collected is used to monitor centres of production and educate previously exploited children.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Tufted===
[[File:Swatches of carpet 1.jpg|thumb|[[Textile sample|Swatches]] of [[Tufting|tufted]] carpet]]
[[Image:OurikaValleyCarpets.jpg|thumb|Drying carpets in a village workshop at the [[Ourika Valley|Ourika Valley, Morocco]]]]
These are carpets that have their pile injected into a backing material, which is itself then bonded to a secondary backing made of a woven [[hessian (cloth)|hessian]] weave or a man made alternative to provide stability. The pile is often sheared in order to achieve different textures. This is the most common method of manufacturing of domestic carpets for floor covering purposes in the world.

===Others===
A '''flatweave''' carpet is created by interlocking warp (vertical) and weft (horizontal) threads. Types of oriental flatwoven carpet include [[kilim]], [[soumak]], [[plain weave]], and [[tapestry weave]]. Types of European flatwoven carpets include Venetian, Dutch, [[damask]], list, [[haircloth]], and ingrain (aka double cloth, two-ply, triple cloth, or three-ply).

A '''hooked rug''' is a simple type of rug handmade by pulling strips of cloth such as wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric such as burlap. This type of rug is now generally made as a [[handicraft]]. The process of creating a hooked rug is called [[Rug hooking]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science Of Color Enhances Carpet Style|url=http://www.carpet-rug.org/Carpet-for-Business/Specifying-the-Right-Carpet/Dyeing-and-Color-Selection.aspx|website=carpet-rug.org|accessdate=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019002910/http://www.carpet-rug.org/Carpet-for-Business/Specifying-the-Right-Carpet/Dyeing-and-Color-Selection.aspx|archive-date=2015-10-19|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>

Unlike woven carpets, '''[[embroidery]] carpets'''' are not formed on a loom. Their pattern is established by the application of [[stitch (textile arts)|stitches]] to a [[cloth]] (often [[linen]]) base. The tent stitch and the cross stitch are two of the most common. Embroidered carpets were traditionally made by royal and aristocratic women in the home, but there has been some commercial manufacture since steel needles were introduced (earlier needles were made of bone) and linen weaving improved in the 16th century. [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is known to have been an avid embroiderer. 16th century designs usually involve scrolling vines and regional flowers (for example, the [[Bradford carpet]]). They often incorporate animal heraldry and the [[coat of arms]] of the maker. Production continued through the 19th century. [[Victorian era|Victorian]] embroidered carpet compositions include highly illusionistic, 3-dimensional flowers. Patterns for tiled carpets made of a number of squares, called [[Berlin wool work]], were introduced in [[Germany]] in 1804, and became extremely popular in England in the 1830s. Embroidered carpets can also include other features such as a pattern of shapes, or they can even tell a story.

==Fibres and yarns==
[[File:Stamp of Moldova 138.jpg|thumb|A [[Moldova]]n [[Postage stamp|stamp]] featuring a carpet]]
Carpet can be formulated from many single or blended [[nature|natural]] and [[synthetic fibre]]s. Fibres are chosen for durability, appearance, ease of manufacture, and cost. In terms of scale of production, the dominant yarn constructions are polyamides (nylons) and polypropylene with an estimated 90% of the commercial market.<ref>Gudrun Heisterberg-Moutsis, Rainer Heinz, Thomas F. Wolf, Dominic J. Harper, David James, Richard P. Mazzur, Volker Kettler, Hansgert Soiné "Floor Coverings" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a11_263}}</ref>

===Nylon===
Since the 20th century, [[nylon]] is one of the most common materials for the construction of carpets. Both [[nylon 6]] and [[nylon 6-6]] are used. Nylon can be dyed topically or dyed in a molten state (solution dying). Nylon can be printed easily and has excellent wear characteristics. Due to nylon's excellent wear-resistance, it is widely used in industrial and commercial carpeting. In carpets, nylon tends to stain easily because of the dye sites which exist on the fibre. These dye sites need to be filled in order to give nylon carpet any type of stain resistance. As nylon is petroleum-based it varies in price with the price of oil.

===Polypropylene===
[[Polypropylene]], a [[polyolefin]] stiffer than the cheaper [[polyethylene]], is used to produce carpet yarns because it is still less expensive than the other materials used for carpets. It is difficult to dye and does not wear as well as wool or nylon. Polypropylene, sometimes referred to simply as "olefin", is commonly used to construct berber carpets. Large looped olefin berber carpets are usually only suited for light domestic use and tend to mat down quickly. Berber carpets with smaller loops tend to be more resilient and retain their new appearance longer than large looped berber styles. Commercial grade level-loop carpets have very small loops, and commercial grade cut-pile styles can be well constructed. When made with polypropylene, commercial grade styles wear very well, making them very suitable for areas with heavy foot traffic such as offices. Polypropylene carpets are known to have good stain resistance, but not against oil- based agents. If a stain does set, it can be difficult to clean. Commercial grade carpets can be glued directly to the floor or installed over a 1/4" thick, 8-pound density padding. Outdoor grass carpets are usually made from polypropylene.

===Wool and wool-blends===
[[File:2012-10-02 Wurstteppich huchwasistdenndas anagoria.jpg|thumb|A wool carpet]]
[[Wool]] has excellent durability, can be dyed easily and is fairly abundant. When blended with synthetic fibres such as nylon the durability of wool is increased. Blended wool yarns are extensively used in production of modern carpet, with the most common blend being 80% wool to 20% synthetic fibre, giving rise to the term "80/20". Wool is relatively expensive and consequently it only comprises a small portion of the market.

===Polyester===
The [[polyester]] known as "PET" ([[polyethylene terephthalate]]) is used in carpet manufacturing in both spun and filament constructions. After the price of raw materials for many types of carpet rose in the early 2000s, polyester became more competitive. Polyester has good physical properties and is inherently stain-resistant because it is hydrophobic, and, unlike nylon, does not have dye sites. Colour is infused in a molten state (solution dyeing). Polyester has the disadvantage that it tends to crush or mat down easily. It is typically used in mid- to low-priced carpeting.

Another polyester, "PTT" ([[Polytrimethylene terephthalate]]), also called Sorona or 3GT (Dupont) or Corterra (Shell), is a variant of PET. Lurgi Zimmer PTT was first patented in 1941, but it was not produced until the 1990s, when Shell Chemicals developed the low-cost method of producing high-quality 1,3 propanediol (PDO), the starting raw material for PTT Corterra Polymers. DuPont subsequently commercialized a [[biological process]] for making [[1,3-propanediol]] from [[corn syrup]], imparting significant [[Renewable resource|renewable]] content on the corresponding Sorona polyester carpet fibers.<ref name=Sengupta>{{cite book|last1=Sengupta|first1=Debolina|last2=Pike|first2=Ralph W.|title=Chemicals from Biomass: Ingegrating Bioprocess into Chemical Production|date=July 5, 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1439878149|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z9N_xWEGI9wC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=1,3-propanediol+production+tennessee#v=onepage&q=1%2C3-propanediol%20production%20tennessee&f=false|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> These carpet fibers have resiliency comparable to nylon.<ref name=Chuah>{{cite book|last1=Chuah|first1=Hoe H.|title=Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)|journal=Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology|date=22 October 2001|doi=10.1002/0471440264.pst292|isbn=978-0471440260}}</ref>

===Acrylic===
[[Acrylic fiber|Acrylic]] is a synthetic material first created by the Dupont Corporation in 1941 but has gone through various changes since it was first introduced. In the past, acrylic carpet used to fuzz or "pill" easily. This happened when the fibres degraded over time and short strands broke away with contact or friction. Over the years, new types of acrylics have been developed to alleviate some of these problems, although the issues have not been completely removed. Acrylic is fairly difficult to dye but is colourfast, washable, and has the feel and appearance of wool, making it a good rug fabric.

==History==
[[File: Pazyryk carpet.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pazyryk burials#Pazyryk carpet|Pazyryk]] Carpet, the oldest surviving carpet in the world ([[Armenia]] or [[Iran|Persia]], 5th century BC.)]]
[[File:The Czartoryski Carpet.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Czartoryski]] carpet with coat of arms of the Polish Myszkowski family,<ref name=polish /> made with a [[cotton]] warp, a [[silk]] weft and pile, and metal wrapped thread (Iran, 17th century)]]
The knotted pile carpet probably originated in the [[Caspian Sea]] area (Northern Iran) <ref>E.J.W. Barber, ''Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-691-00224-X}}, p. 171</ref> or the [[Armenian Highland]].<ref name=" Volkmar Gantzhorn 1998">Volkmar Gantzhorn, "Oriental Carpets", 1998. {{ISBN|3-8228-0545-9}}</ref> Although there is evidence of goats and sheep being sheared for wool and hair which was spun and woven as far back at the 7th millennium, the earliest surviving pile carpet is the "Pazyryk carpet", which dates from the 5th-4th century BC. It was excavated by [[Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko]] in 1949 from a [[Pazyryk burials|Pazyryk burial]] mound in the [[Altai Mountains]] in [[Siberia]]. This richly coloured carpet is 200 x 183&nbsp;cm (6'6" x 6'0") and framed by a border of griffins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html |title=The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights |publisher=Hermitagemuseum.org |date= |accessdate=2013-10-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005151326/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7d.html |archivedate=October 5, 2013 }}</ref>

Although claimed by many cultures, this square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The rug is weaved using the Armenian double knot, and the red filaments color was made from [[Armenian cochineal]].<ref name=vk2>[[Ashkhunj Poghosyan]], [[:File:Ashkhunj Poghosyan, On origin of Pazyryk rug, Yerevan, 2013(2).pdf|On origin of Pazyryk rug, Yerevan, 2013]] (PDF) pp. 1-21 {{ref-hy}}, pp. 22-37 {{ref-en}}</ref><ref>USSR conference to exchange experiences leading restorers and researchers. The study, preservation and restoration of ethnographic objects. Theses of reports, Riga, 16–21 November 1987. pp. 17-18 {{ref-ru}}<br>Л.С. Гавриленко, Р.Б. Румянцева, Д.Н. Глебовская, Применение тонкослойной хромотографии и электронной спектроскопии для анализа красителей древних тканей. Исследование, консервация и реставрация этнографических предметов. Тезисы докладов, СССР, Рига, 1987, стр. 17-18.<blockquote>В ковре нити темно-синего и голубого цвета окрашены индиго по карминоносным червецам, нити красного цвета - аналогичными червецами типа [[Armenian cochineal|араратской кошенили]].</blockquote></ref> The eminent authority of ancient carpets, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "From all the evidence available I am convinced that the Pazyryk rug was a funeral accessory and most likely a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship".<ref name="Ulrich Schurmann">[https://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Paz/paz1.htm Ulrich Schurmann, The Pazyryk. Its Use and Origin, Munich, 1982, p.46] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011602/https://rbedrosian.com/Classic/Paz/paz1.htm |date=April 16, 2013 }}</ref> Gantzhorn concurs with this thesis. At the ruins of [[Persepolis]] in [[Iran]] where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation.<ref name=" Volkmar Gantzhorn 1998" />
The historian [[Herodotus]] writing in the 5th century BC also informs us that the inhabitants of the Caucasus wove beautiful rugs with brilliant colors which would never fade.<ref>The Nine Books of the Histories of Herodotus. Thomas Gaisford, Peter Laurent, London, 1846, CLIO I p.99</ref>

===Afghanistan===
{{main|Afghan rug}}
There has recently been a surge in demand for Afghan carpets, although many Afghan carpet manufacturers market their products under the name of a different country.<ref name="pajhwok">{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanembassyjp.com/en/news/?an=1377 |title=Afghan rugs sell like hot cakes |publisher=Afghanembassyjp.com |date=2008-02-02 |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref> The carpets are made in Afghanistan, as well as by [[Afghan refugees]] who reside in Pakistan and Iran. Famous Afghan rugs include the ''[[Shindand, Herat|Shindand]]'' or ''[[Adraskan]]'' (named after local Afghan villages), woven in the [[Herat Province|Herat]] area in western Afghanistan.

Afghan carpets are commonly known as Afghan rugs. Afghan carpets are a unique and well recognized handmade material design that originates from Afghanistan. They often exhibit intricate detailing, mainly using traditional tribal designs originating from the Turkmen, Kazakh, Baloch, and Uzbeks. The hand-made rugs come in many patterns and colors, yet the traditional and most common example of Afghan carpet is the octagon-shaped elephant-foot (Bukhara). The rugs with this print are most commonly red in color. Many dyes, such as [[vegetable dye]]s, are used to impart rich color.

===Armenia===
{{main|Armenian carpet}}

The historian Herodotus writing in the 5th century BC also informs us that the inhabitants of the Caucasus wove beautiful rugs with brilliant colors which would never fade.[23] Various rug fragments have been excavated in Armenia dating back to the 7th century BC or earlier. The oldest, single, surviving knotted carpet in existence is the Pazyryk carpet, excavated from a frozen tomb in Siberia, dated from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, now in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. This square tufted carpet, almost perfectly intact, is considered by many experts to be of Caucasian, specifically Armenian, origin. The eminent authority of ancient carpets, Ulrich Schurmann, says of it, "From all the evidence available I am convinced that the Pazyryk rug was a funeral accessory and most likely a masterpiece of Armenian workmanship".<ref>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Ulrich%20Schurmann%22 Ulrich Schurmann, The Pazyryk. Its Use and Origin, Munich, 1982, p.46]</ref> Gantzhorn concurs with this thesis. At the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation.
[[Armenian carpet]]s were renowned by foreigners who travelled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian [[Al-Masudi]] noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.<ref>{{cite book| last = Ulubabyan| first = Bagrat A| authorlink =Bagrat Ulubabyan| title = Խաչենի իշխանությունը, X-XVI դարերում (The Principality of Khachen, From the 10th to 16th Centuries)| publisher =Armenian Academy of Sciences| location= Yerevan, Armenian SSR| year = 1975| page=267| isbn = |language=hy}}</ref>

Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making."<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84">Hakobyan. ''Medieval Art of Artsakh'', p. 84.</ref> Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in colour and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as ''artsvagorgs'' (eagle-carpets), ''vishapagorgs'' (dragon-carpets) and ''otsagorgs'' (serpent-carpets).<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84"/> The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the [[illuminated manuscripts]] produced in Artsakh.<ref name="Hakobyan. p. 84"/>

The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]], a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving.<ref>{{hy icon}} [[Kirakos Gandzaketsi]]. ''Պատմություն Հայոց '' (''History of Armenia''). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: [[Armenian Academy of Sciences]], 1961, p. 216, as cited in Hakobyan. ''Medieval Art of Artsakh'', p. 84, note 18.</ref>

===Azerbaijan===
{{Main|Azerbaijani rug}}

The Gultapin excavations discovered several carpet weaving tools which date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. According to Iranica Online "''The main weaving zone was in the eastern Transcaucasus south of the mountains that bisect the region diagonally, the area now comprised in the Azerbaijan SSR; it is the homeland of a Turkic population known today as Azeri. Other ethnic groups also practiced weaving, some of them in other parts of the Caucasus, but they were of lesser importance''." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/carpets-xv|title=CARPETS xv. Caucasian Carpets|publisher=}}</ref> Azerbaijan was one of the most important centers of carpet weaving and as a result of that, several different schools have evolved. While traditionally schools are divided into four main branches, each region has its own version of the carpets. The Schools are divided into four main branches: Kuba-Shirvan, Ganja-Kazakh carpet-weaving school, The Baku carpet school, Karabakh school of carpet weaving.

===China===
{{See also|Oriental rug}}
As opposed to most antique rug manufactory practices, Chinese carpets were woven almost exclusively for internal consumption. China has a long history of exporting traditional goods; however, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that the Chinese began to export their rugs. Once in contact with western influences, there was a large change in production: Chinese manufactories began to produce [[art-deco]] rugs with [[commerce|commercial]] look and price point. The centuries-old Chinese textile industry is rich in history. While most antique carpets are classified according to a specific region or manufactory, scholars attribute the age of any specific Chinese rug to the ruling emperor of the time. The earliest surviving examples of the craft were produced during the time of [[Ch'ung Chen]], the last emperor of the [[Chen Dynasty]].

===India===

Carpet weaving may have been introduced into the area as far back as the eleventh century with the coming of the first Muslim conquerors, the [[Ghaznavids]] and the [[Ghauris]], from the West. It can with more certainty be traced to the beginning of the Mughal Dynasty in the early sixteenth century, when the last successor of Timur, Babar, extended his rule from Kabul to India to found the Mughal Empire. Under the patronage of the Mughals, Indian craftsmen adopted Persian techniques and designs. Carpets woven in the Punjab made use of motifs and decorative styles found in Mughal architecture.

[[Akbar]], a Mogul emperor, is accredited to introducing the art of carpet weaving to India during his reign. The Mughal emperors patronized Persian carpets for their royal courts and palaces. During this period, he brought Persian craftsmen from their homeland and established them in India. Initially, the carpets woven showed the classic Persian style of fine knotting. Gradually it blended with Indian art. Thus the carpets produced became typical of the Indian origin and gradually the industry began to diversify and spread all over the subcontinent. During the Mughal period, the carpets made on the Indian subcontinent became so famous that demand for them spread abroad. These carpets had distinctive designs and boasted a high density of knots. Carpets made for the Mughal emperors, including Jahangir and Shah Jahan, were of the finest quality. Under Shah Jahan's reign, Mughal carpet weaving took on a new aesthetic and entered its classical phase.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Indian carpets are well known for their designs with attention to detail and presentation of realistic attributes. The carpet industry in India flourished more in its northern part with major centres found in Kashmir, Jaipur, [[Agra]] and Bhadohi.

Indian carpets are known for their high density of knotting. Hand-knotted carpets are a speciality and widely in demand in the West. The carpet industry in India has been successful in establishing social business models that help underprivileged sections of the society. Notable examples of [[social entrepreneurship]] ventures are [[Jaipur rugs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Jaipur-rugs-1101.asp |title=A Case of Social Entrepreneurship |publisher=Chillibreeze.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215919/http://www.chillibreeze.com/articles_various/Jaipur-rugs-1101.asp |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> [[Fabindia]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news/27717265_1_handloom-weavers-shareholders-fabric-suppliers |title= Handloom weavers shareholders fabric suppliers | work=The Times Of India | date=2008-05-06}}</ref>

Another category of Indian rugs which, though quite popular in most of the western countries, have not received much press, is hand-woven rugs of Khairabad (Citapore rugs). {{citation needed|date=April 2012}} [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] small town in Citapore (now spelled as "[[Sitapur]]") district of India had been ruled by Raja [[Mehmoodabad]]. Khairabad (Mehmoodabad Estate) was part of [[Oudh]] province which had been ruled by [[shi'i]] Muslims having Persian linkages. Citapore rugs made in Khairabad and neighbouring areas are all hand-woven and distinct from tufted and knotted rugs. Flat weave is the basic weaving technique of Citapore rugs and generally cotton is the main weaving material here but jute, rayon and chenille are also popular. ''[[IKEA]]'' and ''[[Agocha]]'' have been major buyers of rugs from this area.

===Pakistan===
{{Main|Pakistani rug}}

The art of weaving developed in South Asia at a time when few other civilizations employed it. Excavations at [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-Daro]]– ancient cities of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]– have established that the inhabitants used spindles and spun a wide variety of weaving materials. Some historians consider that the Indus Valley civilization first developed the use of woven textiles. As of the late 1990s, hand-knotted carpets were among Pakistan's leading export products and their manufacture is the second largest cottage and small industry. Pakistani craftsmen have the capacity to produce any type of carpet using all the popular motifs of gulls, medallions, paisleys, traceries, and geometric designs in various combinations.<ref>Stone, Peter F. The Oriental Rug Lexicon. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.</ref> At the time of independence, manufacturing of carpets was set up in [[Sangla Hill]], a small town of District Sheikhupura. Chaudary Mukhtar Ahmad Member son of Maher Ganda introduced and taught this art to locals and immigrants. He is considered founder of this industry in Pakistan. Sangla Hill is now a focal point in Carpet Industry in Pakistan. Almost all the exporters and manufacturers who are running their business at Lahore, Faisalabad and Karachi have their area offices in Sangla Hill.

===Persia [[Iran]]===
{{Main|Persian carpet}}
[[File:Carpet Tree of Life.JPG|thumb|A [[Tree of Life]] pattern]]
[[Image:Giulio Rosati 14.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Carpet Seller'' ([[Giulio Rosati]])]]
The Persian carpet is a part of Persian (Iranian) art and culture. Carpet-[[weaving]] in Persia dates back to the [[Bronze Age]]. The earliest surviving corpus of Persian carpets come from the [[Safavid]] dynasty (1501–1736) in the 16th century. However, painted depictions prove a longer history of production. There is much variety among classical Persian carpets of the 16th and 17th century. Common motifs include scrolling vine networks, [[Arabesque (Islamic art)|arabesque]]s, [[palmette]]s, [[cloud band]]s, medallions, and overlapping geometric compartments rather than animals and humans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carpet-wiki.com/production/design|title=Carpet Wiki: Types of design of handmade oriental rugs|website=www.carpet-wiki.com|access-date=2019-01-25}}</ref> This is because [[Islam]], the dominant religion in that part of the world, forbids their depiction.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Still, some show figures engaged either in the hunt or feasting scenes. The majority of these carpets are wool, but several [[silk]] examples produced in [[Kashan]] survive.<ref>Pope, Arthur Upham. A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Vol. XI, Carpets, Chapter 55. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938-9.</ref>

Iran is also the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets, producing three quarters of the world's total output and having a share of 30% of world's export markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kohanjournal.com/en/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D229%26Itemid%3D54 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 22, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713163510/http://www.kohanjournal.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=54 |archivedate=July 13, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Khalaj |first=Mehrnosh |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5a5c0444-1669-11df-bf44-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss |title=Iran's oldest craft left behind |publisher=FT.com |date=2010-02-10 |accessdate=2013-10-04}}</ref> Iran is also the maker of the largest handmade carpet in history, measuring 60,546 square feet (equal to over 5600 square meters).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-iran-picture.html |title=Photo in the News: World's Largest Carpet Woven for Worshippers |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6924647.stm | work=BBC News | title=Iran unveils vast handmade carpet | date=2007-07-31 | accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>

===Scandinavia===
{{main|Scandinavian rugs}}

Scandinavian rugs are among the most popular of all weaves in modern design. Preferred by influential modernist thinkers, designers, and advocates for a new aesthetic in the mid-twentieth century, Scandinavian rugs have become very widespread in many different avenues of contemporary interior design. With a long history of adaptation and evolution, the tradition of Scandinavian rug-making is among the most storied of all European rug-making traditions.

===Turkey===
{{Main|Turkish carpet}}
[[File:AntiqueUsakCarpetLate19thCentury.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Oushak]] (Usak) carpet (late 19th century)]]
[[File:Kayseri prayer rug, Anatolia Turkey.jpg|thumb|[[Kayseri]] prayer rug from [[Anatolia]], Turkey]]
Turkish carpets (also known as [[Anatolia]]n), whether hand knotted or flat woven, are among the most well known and established hand crafted art works in the world.<ref name="The Brukenthal Museum: The extraordinary value of the Anatolian Carpet">{{cite web|url=http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/europeana_en/etajI/05.htm |title=The Brukenthal Museum: The extraordinary value of the Anatolian Carpet |publisher=Brukenthalmuseum.ro |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref> Historically: religious, cultural, environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic conditions created widespread utilitarian need and have provided artistic inspiration among the many tribal peoples and ethnic groups in [[Central Asia]] and Turkey.<ref name="The historical importance of rug and carpet weaving in Anatolia">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry/anatolian-carpets-kilims-743.htm |title=The historical importance of rug and carpet weaving in Anatolia |publisher=Turkishculture.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref> Turks; nomadic or pastoral, agrarian or town dwellers, living in tents or in sumptuous houses in large cities, have protected themselves from the extremes of the cold weather by covering the floors, and sometimes walls and doorways, with carpets and rugs. The carpets are always hand made of wool or sometimes cotton, with occasional additions of silk. These carpets are natural barriers against the cold. Turkish pile rugs and kilims are also frequently used as tent decorations, grain bags, camel and donkey bags, ground cushions, oven covers, sofa covers, bed and cushion covers, blankets, curtains, eating blankets, table top spreads, prayer rugs and for ceremonial occasions.

The oldest records of flat woven kilims come from [[Çatalhöyük]] Neolithic pottery, circa 7000 B.C. One of the oldest settlements ever to have been discovered, Çatalhöyük is located south east of Konya in the middle of the Anatolian region.<ref name="Çatalhöyük.com: Ancient Civilization and Excavation">{{cite web |url=http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html |title=Çatalhöyük.com: Ancient Civilization and Excavation |publisher=Catalhoyuk.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101144734/http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html# |archive-date=2016-01-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> The excavations to date (only 3% of the town) not only found carbonized fabric but also fragments of kilims painted on the walls of some of the dwellings. The majority of them represent geometric and stylized forms that are similar or identical to other historical and contemporary designs.<ref name="Kilims">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry-61.htm |title=Ancient Kilim Evidence Findings in Çatalhöyük |publisher=Turkishculture.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref>

The knotted rug is believed to have reached Asia Minor and the Middle East with the expansion of various nomadic tribes peoples during the latter period of the great [[Turkic migration]] of the 8th and 9th centuries. Famously depicted in European paintings of [[The Renaissance]], beautiful Anatolian rugs were often used from then until modern times, to indicate the high economic and social status of the owner.

Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the beautiful pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in every aspect of daily life. As is true in most weaving cultures, traditionally and nearly exclusively, it is women and girls who are both artisan and weaver.<ref name="The Dominant role of women and girls in Turkish carpet weaving">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry/anatolian-carpets/carpet-weaving-tradition-600.htm?type=1 |title=The Dominant role of Turkish Women and Girls in Turkish carpet weaving |publisher=Turkishculture.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref><ref name="The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/34/12/2776.full.pdf |title=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=2776–2783 |accessdate=2012-01-26|doi=10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2776 |pmid=7315779 |year=1981 |last1=Geissler |first1=C. A. |last2=Brun |first2=T. A. |last3=Mirbagheri |first3=I. |last4=Soheli |first4=A. |last5=Naghibi |first5=A. |last6=Hedayat |first6=H. }}</ref><ref>Aslanapa, Oktay. One Thousand Years of Turkish Carpets. Translated and edited by William A. Edmonds. Istanbul: Eren 1988.</ref>

===Turkmen===
{{Main|Turkmen carpet}}
[[File:The largest carpet in the world.JPG|thumb|The largest hand-woven carpet in the world at the [[Turkmen Carpet Museum]] in [[Ashgabat]]]]
Türkmen carpet (also called "Bukhara Uzbekistan") is a type of handmade floor-covering textile traditionally originating in Central Asia. It is useful to distinguish between the original Turkmen tribal rugs and the rugs produced in large numbers for export in the 2000s, mainly in Pakistan and Iran. The original Turkmen rugs were produced by the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] tribes who are the main ethnic group in [[Turkmenistan]] and are also found in Afghanistan and Iran. They are used for various purposes, including tent rugs, door hangings and bags of various sizes.<ref>[http://medeniyet.gov.tm/downloads/rowayat_ru.pdf Living legend] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212110046/http://medeniyet.gov.tm/downloads/rowayat_ru.pdf |date=December 12, 2013 }}, The president of Turkmenistan [[Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov]] book about Turkmen rug</ref>

====Oriental carpets in Europe====
Oriental carpets began to appear in Europe after the [[Crusades]] in the 11th century, due to contact by Crusaders with Eastern traders. Until the mid-18th century they were mostly used on walls and tables. Except in royal or ecclesiastical settings they were considered too precious to cover the floor. Starting in the 13th century oriental carpets begin to appear in paintings (notably from Italy, Flanders, England, France, and the Netherlands). Carpets of Indo-Persian design were introduced to Europe via the Dutch, British, and French [[East India Company|East India Companies]] of the 17th and 18th century<ref>Dimand, Maurice Sven and Jean Mailey. Oriental Rugs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> and in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] by Armenian merchants ([[Polish carpet]]s or Polonaise carpets).<ref name=polish />

===Spain===
[[File:16th-Century-Antique-Alcaraz-Rug-Nazmiyal-Carpet-Gallery-NYC.jpg|thumb|The 16th century [[Alcaraz Rugs|Alcaraz rug]] at the [[Nazmiyal collection]]]]
Although isolated instances of carpet production pre-date the Muslim invasion of Spain, the [[Hispano-Moresque]] examples are the earliest significant body of European-made carpets. Documentary evidence shows production beginning in Spain as early as the 10th century AD. The earliest extant Spanish carpet, the so-called [[Synagogue carpet]] in the Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin, is a unique survival dated to the 14th century. The earliest group of Hispano-Moresque carpets, [[Admiral carpet]]s (also known as [[armorial carpet]]s), has an all-over geometric, repeat pattern punctuated by blazons of noble, Christian Spanish families. The variety of this design was analyzed most thoroughly by [[May Beattie]]. Many of the 15th-century, Spanish carpets rely heavily on designs originally developed on the Anatolian Peninsula. Carpet production continued after the Reconquest of Spain and eventual expulsion of the Muslim population in the 15th century. 16th-century Renaissance Spanish carpet design is a derivative of silk textile design. Two of the most popular motifs are wreaths and pomegranates.

During the [[Moorish]] (Muslim) period production took place in [[Alcaraz]] in the province of Murcia, as well as being recorded in other towns. Carpet production after the Christian reconquest continued in Alcaraz while [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]], first recorded as a weaving centre in the 12th century, became increasingly important, and was dominant in the 17th and early 18th century. Carpets of completely different French based designs began to be woven in a royal workshop, the [[Royal Tapestry Factory]] ''(Real Fábrica de Tapices de Santa Bárbara)'' in Madrid in the 18th century. Cuenca was closed down by the royal degree of Carlos IV in the late 18th century to stop it competing with the new workshop. Madrid continued as a weaving centre through to the 20th century, producing brightly coloured carpets most of whose designs are strongly influenced by French carpet design, and which are frequently signed (on occasions with the monogram MD; also sometimes with the name Stuyck) and dated in the outer stripe. After the [[Spanish civil war]] [[General Franco]] revived the carpet weaving industry in workshops named after him, weaving designs that are influenced by earlier Spanish carpets, usually in a very limited range of colours.<ref name="Sherrill, Sarah B 1996">Sherrill, Sarah B. Carpets and Rugs of Europe and America. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996.</ref>

===Serbia===
{{main |Pirot carpet}}
'''Pirot carpet'''{{Cref2|a}} ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Пиротски ћилим, Pirotski ćilim) refers to a variety of flat tapestry-woven carpets or rugs traditionally produced in [[Pirot]], a town in southeastern Serbia. Pirot kilims with some 122 ornaments and 96 different types have been protected by geographical indication in 2002. They are one of the most important traditional handicrafts in Serbia. In the late 19th century and up to the Second World War, Pirot kilims have been frequently used as insignia of Serbian and Yugoslav royalty. This tradition was revived in 2011 when Pirot kilims were reintroduced for state ceremonies in Serbia. Carpet weaving in Pirot dates back to the Middle Ages.<ref>LEPOTA TRAJANJA</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}} One of the first mentions of the Pirot kilim in written sources date to 1565, when it was said that the šajkaši boats on the Danube and Drava were covered with Pirot kilims. Pirot was once the most important rug-making centre in the Balkans. Pirot is located on the historical main highway which linked central Europe with Constantinople.Pirot was also known as Şarköy in Turkish. The Pirot carpet varieties are also found in Bulgaria and Turkey, and in many other international collections. One of the chief qualities are the colour effects achieved through the choice and arrangement of colours.

In the beginning of the 19th century plant dyes were replaced by aniline colourings. "The best product of the country is the Pirot carpet, worth about ten shillings a square metre. The designs are extremely pretty, and the rugs, without being so heavy as the Persian, or so ragged and scant in the web and woof as Caramanian, wear for ever. The manufacture of these is almost entirely confined to Pirot. From Pirots old Turkish signification as Şarköy stems the traditional trade name of the rugs as Şarköy-kilims. Stemming from the homonym to the today's Turkish settlement of Şarköy in Thracia, which had no established rug making tradition, Şarköys are often falsely ascribed to originate from Turkey. Also in the rug selling industry, Şarköy are mostly labeled as being of oriental or Turkish origin as to easier sell them to non familiar customers as they prefer rug with putative oriental origin. In fact, Şarköys have been established from the 17th century in the region of the Western Balkan or Stara Planina mountains in the towns of Pirot, Berkowiza, Lom, Chiprovtsi and Samokow. Later they have been also produced in Knjaževac and Caribrod.

===Bulgaria===
{{main |Chiprovtsi carpet}}
The [[Chiprovtsi carpet]] (Чипровци килим) is a type of handmade carpet with two absolutely identical sides, part of Bulgarian national heritage, traditions, arts and crafts. Its name is derived from the town of [[Chiprovtsi]] where their production started in the 17th century. The carpet weaving industry played a key role in the revival of Chiprovtsi in the 1720s after the devastation of the failed 1688 [[Chiprovtsi Uprising]] against Ottoman rule. The western traveller [[Ami Boué]], who visited Chiprovtsi in 1836–1838, reported that "mainly young girls, under shelters or in corridors, engage in carpet weaving. They earn only five [[franc]]s a month and the payment was even lower before". By 1868, the annual production of carpets in Chiprovtsi had surpassed 14,000&nbsp;square metres.<ref>Костова, p. 20.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}} In 1896, almost 1,400 women from Chiprovtsi and the region were engaged in carpet weaving. In 1920, the locals founded the ''Manual Labour'' carpet-weaving cooperative society, the first of its kind in the country.<ref>Костова, pp. 20–22.</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}} At present. the carpet (''kilim'') industry remains dominant in the town.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bnr.bg/RadioBulgaria/Emission_Bulgarian/Theme_Ikonomika_Ekologia_Turizam/Material/2505-5.htm|title=Чипровските килими—запазена марка на килимарския бизнес в България|last=Димитрова|first=Милка|date=2005-05-25|publisher=[[Bulgarian National Radio|БНР]] [[Radio Bulgaria|Радио България]]|language=Bulgarian|accessdate=2008-09-19}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Carpets have been crafted according to traditional designs, but in recent years it is up to the customers to decide the pattern of the carpet they have ordered. The production of a single {{convert|3|by|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} carpet takes about 50 days; primarily women engage in carpet weaving. Work is entirely manual and all used materials are natural; the primary material is wool, coloured using plant or mineral [[dye]]s. The local carpets have been prized at exhibitions in [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Liège (city)|Liège]] and [[Brussels]]. In recent decades, however, the Chiprovtsi carpet industry has been in decline as it had lost its firm foreign markets. As a result, the town and the municipality have been experiencing a demographic crisis.

===France===
[[File:Savonnerie tapisserie 18th century Versailles.jpg|thumb|An 18th century [[Savonnerie]] tapisserie at the [[Palace of Versailles]]]]
{{Main|Savonnerie manufactory}}
In 1608 [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] initiated the French production of "Turkish style" carpets under the direction of [[Pierre DuPont (carpet maker)|Pierre DuPont]]. This production was soon moved to the Savonnerie factory in Chaillot just west of Paris. The earliest, well-known group produced by the Savonnerie, then under the direction of [[Simon Lourdet]], are the carpets that were produced in the early years of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]'s reign. They are densely ornamented with flowers, sometimes in vases or baskets, against dark blue or brown grounds in deep borders. The designs are based on Netherlandish and Flemish textiles and paintings. The most famous Savonnerie carpets are the series made for the Grande Galerie and the Galerie d'Apollon in the [[Palais du Louvre]] between c. 1665-1685. These 105 masterpieces, made under the artistic direction of [[Charles Le Brun]], were never installed, as Louis XIV moved the court to [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] in 1688. Their design combines rich [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves, architectural framing, and mythological scenes (inspired by [[Cesare Ripa]]'s Iconologie) with emblems of Louis XIV's royal power.

{{Q|Q28017591|Pierre-Josse Joseph Perrot}} is the best-known of the mid-eighteenth-century carpet designers. His many surviving works and drawings display graceful rococo s-scrolls, central rosettes, shells, acanthus leaves, and floral swags. The Savonnerie manufactory was moved to the [[Gobelins manufactory|Gobelins]] in Paris in 1826.<ref>(french) [https://books.google.com/books?id=bN_HkKC1xNUC&pg=PA47&dq=savonnerie+manufacture+gobelins+1826&hl=fr&ei=5frOTtrDD4f3sgbnm6XCDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=savonnerie%20manufacture%20gobelins%201826&f=false Jean Coural, ''Les Gobelins'', Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1989, p. 47]</ref> The Beauvais manufactory, better known for their [[tapestry]], also made knotted pile carpets from 1780 to 1792. Carpet production in small, privately owned workshops in the town of [[Aubusson, Creuse|Aubusson]] began in 1743. Carpets produced in France employ the symmetrical knot.<ref name="Sherrill, Sarah B 1996"/>

===England===
Knotted pile carpet weaving technology probably came to England in the early 16th century with [[Flemings|Flemish]] [[Calvinist]]s fleeing religious persecution. Because many of these weavers settled in South-eastern [[England]] in Norwich the 14 extant 16th and 17th century carpets are sometimes referred to as "Norwich carpets." These works are either adaptations of Anatolian or Indo-Persian designs or employ Elizabethan-Jacobean scrolling vines and blossoms. All but one are dated or bear a coat of arms. Like the French, English weavers used the symmetrical knot. There are documented and surviving examples of carpets from three 18th-century manufactories: Exeter (1756–1761, owned by [[Claude Passavant]], 3 extant carpets), Moorfields (1752–1806, owned by Thomas Moore, 5 extant carpets), and Axminster (1755–1835, owned by [[Thomas Whitty]], numerous extant carpets). Exeter and Moorfields were both staffed with renegade weavers from the French Savonnerie and, therefore, employ the weaving structure of that factory and Perrot-inspired designs. Neoclassical designer [[Robert Adam]] supplied designs for both Moorfields and Axminster carpets based on [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] floor [[mosaics]] and coffered ceilings. Some of the most well-known rugs of his design were made for [[Syon House]], [[Osterley House]], [[Harewood House]], [[Saltram House]], and [[Newby Hall]].

{{visible anchor|Axminster carpet}} was a unique floor covering made originally in a [[Axminster Carpets|factory]] founded at Axminster, Devon, England, in 1755 by the cloth weaver [[Thomas Whitty]]. Resembling somewhat the Savonnerie carpets produced in France, Axminster carpets were symmetrically knotted by hand in wool on woolen warps and had a weft of flax or hemp. Like the French carpets, they often featured Renaissance architectural or floral patterns; others mimicked oriental patterns. Similar carpets were produced at the same time in Exeter and in the Moorfields section of London and, shortly before, at Fulham in Middlesex. The Whitty factory closed in 1835 with the advent of machine-made carpeting. The name Axminster, however, survived as a generic term for machine-made carpets whose pile is produced by techniques similar to those used in making velvet or chenille.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46332/Axminster-carpet |title=Axminster carpet - Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-04}}</ref>

Axminster carpet has three main types of broadloom carpet construction in use today (machine woven, tufted & hand knotted). Machine woven carpet is an investment that will last 20 or 30 years and woven Axminster and Wilton carpets are still extremely popular in areas where longevity and design flexibility are a big part of the purchasing decision. Hotels and leisure venues almost always choose these types and many homes use woven Axminsters as design statements.

[[File:Rug.jpg|thumb|Machine used to cut and re-roll carpet lengths]]
Machine-woven carpets like Axminster and Wilton are made by massive looms that weave together ‘bobbins’ of carpet yarn and backing. The finished result, which can be intricately patterned, creates a floor that provides supreme underfoot luxury with high performance. Tufted carpets are also popular in the home. They are relatively speedy to make - a pre-woven backing has yarns tufted into it. Needles push the yarn through the backing and which is then held in place with underlying "loopers". Tufted carpets can be twist pile, velvet, or loop pile. Twist pile carpets are produced when one or more fibres are twisted in the tufting process, so that in the finished carpet they appear to be bound together. Velvet pile carpets tend to have a shorter pile and a tighter construction, giving the finished article a smooth, velvety appearance. Loop pile carpets are renowned for being hard wearing and lend carpets great texture. The traditional domain of rugs from far away continents, hand knotted squares and rugs use the expertise of weavers to produce work of the finest quality. Traditional rugs often feature a deliberate ‘mistake’ on behalf of the weaver to guarantee their authenticity.

Six of Axminster carpets are known as the "Lansdowne" group. These have a tripartite design with reeded circles and baskets of flowers in the central panel flanked by diamond lozenges in the side panels. Axminster Rococo designs often have a brown ground and include birds copied from popular, contemporary engravings. Even now a large percentage of the 55,000 population town still seek employment in this industry. The town of [[Wilton, Wiltshire]] is also known for its carpet weaving, which dates back to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Interior Decoration: A Complete Source|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_btgLVQUVL0C&dq=lansdowne+group+axminster+carpets|work=Google book|accessdate=2011-11-14|isbn=9788189940652|last1=Morris|first1=Shirley|date=2007-06-28}}</ref>

The Brussels Loom was introduced into England towards the middle of the eighteenth century marked the beginning of a new era in carpet-weaving. It was the first loom on which a pile carpet could be woven mechanically, the pile consisting of rows of loops, formed over wires inserted weftwise during weaving and subsequently withdrawn. Brussels was the first type of carpet to be woven in a loom incorporating the jacquard pattern selecting mechanism and in 1849 power was applied to the loom by Biglow in the U.S.A.

Later when bladed wires were developed the pile loops were severed on withdrawal of the blade wires to produce a carpet known as Wilton, after this development the loom became known as the Wilton loom, and in modern usage the designation Wilton applies to both cut-pile and loop-pile carpets made in this loom. The latter now variously described as Brussels-Wilton, round wire Wilton, loop-pile Wilton, and round wired jacquard. The methods of manufacture, including the principles of designing, preparatory processes, and weaving, are the same in most respects for both Brussels and Wilton qualities. The chief difference between them is that whereas Brussels loop-pile is secured satisfactorily by the insertion of two picks of weft to each wire (2-shot), the Wilton cut-pile is woven more often with three picks of weft to each wire (3-shot) to ensure that the tufts are firmly secured in the carpet backing.

Brussels carpets have a smooth slightly ribbed surface and their patterning is well defined, a characteristic feature of the carpet. Closeness of pile rather than height contributes to their neat appearance and hard wearing properties, although they do not simulate the luxury of cut-pile carpets. Brussels Wilton Carpets were initially produced on 27-inch (3/4) looms and were sewn together by hand. The looms could incorporate up to 5 frames all with different colours thus enabling figured or pattern carpets to be manufactured. With judicial and very skilful planting of colours in the frames the number of colours could be increased to about twenty, thus enabling very complex designs to be produced. Due to the additional costs in labour these carpets were normally only produced for the bespoke market.

After the first World War the carpets started to be produced for the general market using popular designs and colourways but they always remained at the luxury end of the general market. The growing middle class of the twentieth century aspired to acquire a Wilton carpet for their 'best' room. Despite the impact of industrialization, the areas where Brussels Wilton carpets were produced remained centred mainly in the Midlands around the towns of Wilton and Kidderminster and in West Yorkshire where the firm of John Crossley and Sons in Halifax became synonymous with carpet manufacture. There were smaller areas of manufacture in Scotland and Durham. With the development of different manufacturing methods and looms capable of the mass production of carpets, the public began change their décor, including carpets, on a regular basis, which increased the demand for carpets. The last quarter of the 20th century saw the rapid decline of the labour-intensive Brussels Wilton carpets. Very few of the original ¾ Wilton looms still exist and the few that do are either in museums or used by small manufacturers that continue to produce bespoke (custom-made) luxury carpets for the elite and to replace carpets in historic buildings in the UK and abroad.<ref>''Carpets'' by George Robinson F.T.I., F.S.D.C. published 1966 Chap 7 Wilton Carpets page 72.</ref>

==Modern carpeting and installation==
[[File:Berber Carpet (macro).jpg|thumb|[[Macro photography|Macro]] shot of a [[Berber carpet|Berber-style carpet]]. Berber-style carpets feature two sizes of tufts of varying colors in a loop pile construction]]
Carpet is commonly made in widths of {{convert|12|ft|m}} and {{convert|15|ft|m}} in the US, 4&nbsp;m and 5&nbsp;m in Europe. Where necessary different widths can be seamed together with a seaming iron and seam tape (formerly it was [[sewing|sewn]] together) and it is fixed to a floor over a cushioned [[underlay]] (pad) using nails, [[tack strip]]s (known in the UK as gripper rods), adhesives, or occasionally decorative metal [[stair rod]]s, thus distinguishing it from rugs or [[mat]]s, which are loose-laid floor coverings. For environmental reasons, the use of wool, natural bindings, natural padding, and formaldehyde-free glues is becoming more common. These options are almost always at a premium cost.

In the UK, some carpets are still manufactured for yachts, hotels, pubs and clubs in a narrow width of {{convert|27|in|m}} and then sewn to size. Carpeting which covers an entire room area is loosely referred to as 'wall-to-wall', but carpet can be installed over any portion thereof with use of appropriate transition moldings where the carpet meets other types of floor coverings. Carpeting is more than just a single item; it is, in fact, a system comprising the carpet itself, the carpet backing (often made of latex), the cushioning underlay, and a method of installation.
Carpet tiles are also available, typically {{convert|50|cm|in}} square. These are usually only used in commercial settings and are affixed using a special pressure-sensitive glue, which holds them into place while allowing easy removal (in an office environment, for example) or to allow rearrangement in order to spread wear.<ref>Fletcher, Alan J. The Complete Carpet Buying Guide. Portland Oregon: AJ Books 2006.</ref>

"Carpet binding" is a term used for any material being applied to the edge of a carpet to make a rug. Carpet binding is usually cotton or nylon, but also comes in many other materials such as leather. Non-synthetic binding is frequently used with bamboo, grass and wool rugs, but is often used with carpet made from other materials.

==In culture and figurative expressions==
[[File:Vasnetsov samolet.jpg|thumb|A mythical [[magic carpet]]]]
There are many stories about [[magic carpet]]s, legendary flying carpets that can be used to transport people who are on it instantaneously or quickly to their destination. Disney's Aladdin depicts a magic carpet found by Aladdin and Abu in the Cave of Wonders while trying to find Genie's lamp. Aladdin and Jasmine ride on him to go on a ride around the world. The term "[m]agic carpet [is] first attested [in] 1816.<ref name="etymonline1"/> From the 16th century to the 19th century, the term "carpet" was used "...as an adjective often with a tinge of contempt, when used of men (as in carpet-knight, 1570s)", which meant a man who was associated with "...luxury, ladies' boudoirs, and drawing rooms".<ref name="etymonline1"/> ''Rolling out the red carpet'' is an expression which means to welcome a guest lavishly and handsomely. In some cases, an actual [[red carpet]] is used for VIPs and celebrities to walk on, such as at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and when foreign dignitaries are welcomed to a country.

In 1820s British servant slang, to "carpet" someone means to call them for a reprimand.<ref name="etymonline1" /> To be ''called on the carpet'' means to be summoned for a serious reason, typically a scolding reprimand; this usage dates from 1900.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=carpet. Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A stronger variant of this expression, to be "hauled on the carpet", implies an even sterner reprimand. [[Carpet bombing]] is a type of bombing from airplanes which developed in the 20th century in which an entire city is bombed (rather than precise strikes on military targets). The slang expression "laugh at the carpet" means to [[vomit]] on the floor (especially a carpeted floor).<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/carpet Carpet - Idioms by The Free Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The expression "on the carpet" refers to a matter which is under discussion or consideration.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> The term "carpet muncher" is a derogatory slang term for a [[lesbian]]; this expression is first attested in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carpet-muncher |title=Carpet muncher |website=Dictionary.com<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2018-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728191015/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/carpet-muncher |archive-date=2016-07-28 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref>
[[File:The_Carpet_Seller,_a_figurine_by_Royal_Doulton.jpg|thumb|left|''The Carpet Seller'', a [[Royal Doulton]] figurine]]
The term [[carpet bag]], which literally refers to a suitcase made from a piece of carpet, is used in several figurative contexts. The term gained a popular usage after the [[American Civil War]] to refer to [[carpetbaggers]], Northerners who moved to the South after the war, especially during the [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877). Carpetbaggers allegedly politically manipulated and controlled former Confederate states for financial and power gains. In modern usage in the U.S., the term is sometimes used derisively to refer to a politician who runs for public office in an area where he or she does not have deep community ties, or has lived only for a short time. In the United Kingdom, the term was adopted to refer informally to those who join a [[mutual organization]], such as a [[building society]], in order to force it to [[Demutualization|demutualize]], that is, to convert into a [[joint stock company]], solely for personal financial gain.

''Cutting the rug'' is a slang term for dancing which originated in 1942.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The use of the term "rug" as an informal term for a "[[toupee]]" (man's [[wig]]) is [[theater]] slang from 1940.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The term "sweep [something] under the rug" or "sweep [something] under the carpet" figuratively refers to situations where a person or organization is hiding something embarrassing or negative; this use was first recorded in 1953.<ref name="etymonline1"/> The figurative expression "pull the rug out from under (someone)", meaning to "suddenly deprive of important support" is first attested to in 1936, in American English. A related figurative expression used centuries earlier was "cut the grass under (one's) feet", which is attested to in the 1580s.<ref name="etymonline2" /> A "rugrat" or "rug-rat" is a slang term for a baby or child, first attested in 1968.<ref name="etymonline2" /> The expression "snug as a bug in a rug" means
"wrapped up tight, warm, and comfortable".<ref>[http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/snug+as+a+bug+in+a+rug Snug as a bug in a rug - Idioms by The Free Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> To "lie like a rug" means "to tell lies shamelessly".<ref>[http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/lie+like+a+rug Lie like a rug - Idioms by The Free Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The expression "pull the rug out (from under someone)" means "to make someone or someone's plans fall through" or "to upset someone's plans".<ref>[http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/pull+the+rug+out Pull the rug out - Idioms by The Free Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{clearleft}}
==See also==
* [[Floor cleaning]]
* [[Heatsetting]]
* [[William Morris]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=polish>{{cite web|author=Marcin Latka|title=Polish carpets|url=https://artinpoland.weebly.com/en/polish-carpets|website=|accessdate=2 October 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064840/https://artinpoland.weebly.com/en/polish-carpets#|archivedate=2018-10-02|df=}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Sister project links| wikt=carpet | commons=Category:Rugs and carpets | b=no | n=no | q=Carpet | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}}
*{{cite book |author=Walker, Daniel| title= ''Flowers underfoot : Indian carpets of the Mughal era'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| url= http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/73761}}

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